Riset jurnalistik · data satelit · dipotong 15 Oktober 2026
Karhutla Agustus–Oktober 2026
Api di Indonesia sepanjang 1 Agustus – 15 Oktober 2026 dibaca dari tiga sumber yang saling menguji: titik panas NASA FIRMS, peta luas terbakar MODIS MCD64A1, dan batas izin perusahaan dari Nusantara Atlas, lalu disandingkan dengan data resmi SiPongi KLHK.
Temuan utama
- Musim api belum lewat puncaknya. Minggu dengan titik panas terbanyak adalah minggu yang dimulai 1 Okt (218.231 deteksi). Sampai 15 Oktober, 29 kabupaten dan 111 lokasi konsesi masih berpola “naik di Oktober”.
- Luasnya sekitar tiga kali angka Agustus. MCD64A1 mengukur 480.299 ha terbakar di bulan Agustus saja. Dengan rasio Agustus per provinsi, luas sampai 15 Oktober diperkirakan ±1,55 juta ha (0,83% daratan). Angka resmi KLHK di SiPongi baru 202.011 ha dan hanya sampai Juli.
- Hampir separuh api ada di dalam izin, padahal izin hanya sepertiga daratan. 45,3% titik panas dan 48,5% luas terbakar Agustus berada di dalam izin yang mencakup 34,2% daratan. Kepadatan api di izin 1,42 kali rata-rata. HTI (1,76×) dan HGU (1,65×) paling padat; konsesi HPH hutan alam justru lebih jarang terbakar (0,60×).
- Api berpindah. Kalimantan Barat adalah pusat api di bulan Agustus (717 rb ha sel baru) lalu mereda (76 rb ha di 1–15 Okt). Kalimantan Tengah memuncak di September (696 rb ha), sebagian besar di luar izin. Pada Oktober api bergeser ke Sumatera Selatan dan Papua bagian selatan: separuh titik panas OKI sepanjang musim muncul di Oktober.
- Dua cerita berbeda di balik angka nasional. Di Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Timur, 69% dan 74% titik panas ada di dalam izin: ini cerita konsesi. Di Kalimantan Tengah hanya 38%: api di gambut eks-PLG, food estate, dan lahan di luar izin, yang menjadi pertanyaan tata kelola negara.
- Izin dengan luas terbakar terbesar bukan yang paling banyak titik panasnya. Hutan Ketapang Industri kehilangan 16.228 ha (16,6% izin) di bulan Agustus tetapi hanya peringkat 16 menurut titik panas. Beberapa kebun terbakar 30–68% luas izinnya dalam satu bulan.
- Titik panas bukan titik api. Pada Agustus hanya 17% titik panas jatuh tepat di bekas bakar terukur dan 32% dalam radius 1 km. Confidence tinggi hanya sedikit lebih baik (38%–42%).
- Data hotspot SiPongi akurat, data respons dan pemantauan gambutnya tidak. Titik panas NASA di SiPongi sama dengan FIRMS. Tetapi 45% catatan pemadaman bertanggal salah, ground check hanya 123 titik, dan sensor muka air gambut konsesi memuat nilai yang mustahil.
Skala
Tiga ukuran dipakai dan masing-masing menjawab pertanyaan berbeda. Titik panas menghitung deteksi satelit; satu kebakaran bisa menghasilkan ratusan deteksi. Sel tersentuh api menghitung sel 375 m (14 ha) yang pernah terdeteksi panas, sehingga menunjukkan jangkauan api. Luas terbakar adalah lahan yang benar-benar hangus menurut MCD64A1, yang baru tersedia untuk Agustus.
| Wilayah | Titik panas | % di izin | Sel tersentuh (ha) | Terbakar Agu, terukur (ha) | Perkiraan s.d. 15 Okt (ha) | % sel berulang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | 1.572.929 | 45,3% | 8.290.589 | 480.299 | 1.547.728 | 10,6% |
| Kalimantan | 844.110 | 50,3% | 3.605.372 | 260.746 | 709.102 | 12,5% |
| Sumatera | 222.448 | 49,6% | 1.040.906 | 61.113 | 236.132 | 11,2% |
| Papua | 254.501 | 46,7% | 1.701.562 | 93.763 | 356.482 | 9,9% |
Perkiraan September–Oktober memakai rasio luas terbakar MCD64A1 terhadap luas sel di bulan Agustus (nasional 0,17), per provinsi. Dua metode skala lain memberi rentang 1,05–1,63 juta ha, jadi angka ±1,55 juta ha berada di ujung atas rentang itu. Perimeter api GWIS (JRC/Copernicus) sampai 15 Oktober mencakup 10,7 juta ha; angka itu batas luar wilayah api, sekitar sepuluh kali luas yang benar-benar hangus pada bulan yang sama, dan tidak boleh dikutip sebagai luas terbakar.
Angka resmi SiPongi untuk 2026 adalah 202.011 ha, berhenti di Juli. Untuk periode yang sama (Januari–Juli) MCD64A1 mencatat 107.909 ha, jadi angka resmi tidak dikecilkan; masalahnya keterlambatan. Sebagai pembanding, pada 2019 satelit mencatat 2.044.903 ha, 24% di atas angka resmi 1.649.258 ha.
Dinamika waktu
Titik panas per minggu per pulau. Kalimantan mendominasi sampai akhir September; pada Oktober Papua dan Sumatera naik bersamaan.
Luas sel yang baru tersentuh api tiap bulan memperlihatkan ke mana api menjalar. Provinsi diurutkan menurut perkiraan luas terbakar.
| Provinsi | Sel baru Agu (ha) | Sel baru Sep (ha) | Sel baru 1–15 Okt (ha) | % titik di izin | Terbakar Agu (ha) | Perkiraan s.d. 15 Okt (ha) | Pola waktu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalimantan Tengah | 390.122 | 695.784 | 405.112 | 38% | 95.609 | 365.411 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Papua (gabungan) | 419.470 | 559.406 | 444.319 | 43% | 76.418 | 259.276 | Naik di Oktober, belum padam |
| Sumatera Selatan | 120.867 | 268.917 | 164.222 | 56% | 35.483 | 162.640 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Kalimantan Barat | 716.667 | 350.522 | 75.600 | 69% | 92.389 | 147.323 | Agustus panjang, mereda September |
| Maluku | 97.102 | 184.964 | 84.122 | 31% | 34.066 | 128.470 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Kalimantan Selatan | 150.342 | 163.209 | 98.128 | 43% | 43.061 | 117.912 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Papua Barat (gabungan) | 49.669 | 115.748 | 112.950 | 64% | 17.344 | 97.206 | Naik di Oktober, belum padam |
| Kalimantan Timur | 174.431 | 211.866 | 106.059 | 74% | 25.544 | 72.103 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Lampung | 42.216 | 51.919 | 34.397 | 51% | 15.327 | 46.664 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Maluku Utara | 26.128 | 71.803 | 69.975 | 51% | 4.722 | 30.348 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Nusa Tenggara Timur | 109.448 | 126.942 | 68.344 | 4% | 10.883 | 30.302 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
| Sulawesi Tenggara | 27.970 | 59.836 | 39.431 | 26% | 2.748 | 12.499 | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala |
Kalimantan Tengah kini provinsi dengan perkiraan luas terbakar terbesar (±365 rb ha). Sumatera Selatan masih bertambah: 164 rb ha sel baru hanya dalam setengah bulan Oktober, mendekati angka September penuh (269 rb ha). Di Papua, sel baru Oktober (444 rb ha dalam 15 hari) melampaui seluruh Agustus (419 rb ha).
Pola waktu
Setiap kabupaten dan lokasi konsesi dengan cukup deteksi dikelompokkan menurut bentuk deret mingguannya (porsi deteksi per minggu, k-means, lima kelompok). Pola ini membedakan api yang sudah padam dari api yang masih berjalan, terlepas dari besarnya.
| Pola | Provinsi | Kabupaten | Konsesi | Contoh kabupaten | Contoh konsesi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agustus panjang, mereda September | 8 | 37 | 85 | Ketapang, Berau, Sanggau, Melawi | Mekar Karya Kahuripan, Hutan Ketapang Ind (Dh. Kertas Basuki R), Laman Mining |
| Lonjakan singkat 22–28 Agu | 0 | 13 | 22 | Nabire, Sarolangun, Pelalawan, Indragiri Hilir | Sebukit Inter Nusa, Merbau Pelalawan Lestari, Musi Hutan Persada |
| Lonjakan singkat 29 Agu–4 Sep | 0 | 10 | 59 | Kayong Utara, Kubu Raya, Gunung Mas, Bulungan | Mayawana Persada, Harapan Subur Lestari, Satong Silika Sukses |
| Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 21 | 169 | 153 | Pulang Pisau, Kotawaringin Timur, Kapuas, Kota Palangka Raya | Borneo Wana Utama, Indika Ekosistem Khatulistiwa, Mohairson Pawan Khatulistiwa |
| Naik di Oktober, belum padam | 2 | 29 | 111 | Merauke, Ogan Komering Ilir, Seruyan, Mappi | Bumi Mekar Hijau, PT Murni Nusantara Mandiri, Buana Megatama Jaya |
Pola “Agustus panjang, mereda September” didominasi Kalimantan Barat bagian pedalaman (Ketapang, Sanggau, Sintang, Melawi). Pola “Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala” adalah pola gambut Kalimantan Tengah (Pulang Pisau, Kapuas, Kotawaringin Timur, Palangka Raya). Pola “Naik di Oktober” adalah pola Merauke, OKI, Seruyan, Mappi, dan Fakfak, dan juga pola Bumi Mekar Hijau, konsesi dengan titik panas terbanyak di Indonesia.
Provinsi dan kabupaten
Lima belas kabupaten dengan titik panas terbanyak. Kolom respons berasal dari catatan Manggala Agni di SiPongi.
| Kabupaten | Provinsi | Titik panas | % di izin | % di Okt | Pola | Terbakar Agu (ha) | Pemadaman | Ground check |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merauke | Papua (gabungan) | 143.665 | 51% | 38% | Naik di Oktober, belum padam | 57.249 | 2 | 0 |
| Ketapang | Kalimantan Barat | 127.815 | 75% | 13% | Agustus panjang, mereda September | 78.093 | 17 | 0 |
| Pulang Pisau | Kalimantan Tengah | 85.670 | 36% | 26% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 13.717 | 18 | 0 |
| Ogan Komering Ilir | Sumatera Selatan | 73.767 | 67% | 50% | Naik di Oktober, belum padam | 16.185 | 0 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Timur | Kalimantan Tengah | 66.102 | 26% | 19% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 21.552 | 13 | 2 |
| Kapuas | Kalimantan Tengah | 65.575 | 41% | 30% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 11.463 | 0 | 0 |
| Seruyan | Kalimantan Tengah | 60.069 | 36% | 42% | Naik di Oktober, belum padam | 18.911 | 2 | 0 |
| Kota Palangka Raya | Kalimantan Tengah | 42.904 | 28% | 18% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 837 | 293 | 2 |
| Katingan | Kalimantan Tengah | 41.530 | 36% | 39% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 3.757 | 52 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Barat | Kalimantan Tengah | 33.196 | 18% | 40% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 4.143 | 46 | 0 |
| Mappi | Papua (gabungan) | 29.221 | 17% | 33% | Naik di Oktober, belum padam | 5.173 | 0 | 0 |
| Musi Banyuasin | Sumatera Selatan | 25.144 | 50% | 38% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 2.211 | 0 | 0 |
| Paser | Kalimantan Timur | 20.957 | 68% | 32% | Puncak 12–18 Sep, masih menyala | 4.379 | 41 | 21 |
| Berau | Kalimantan Timur | 20.956 | 80% | 4% | Agustus panjang, mereda September | 9.466 | 0 | 0 |
| Kayong Utara | Kalimantan Barat | 20.563 | 49% | 1% | Lonjakan singkat 29 Agu–4 Sep | 5.731 | 35 | 0 |
Ketapang adalah kabupaten dengan luas terbakar Agustus terbesar dan 75% titik panasnya di dalam izin, sehingga cerita konsesinya paling kuat. Merauke punya titik panas terbanyak (143.665); api sabana yang rutin terbakar bercampur dengan wilayah proyek strategis nasional, dan izin PSN yang tidak tercatat di Atlas akan terbaca “di luar izin”. OKI (67% di izin, 50% di Oktober) adalah kabupaten gambut yang apinya masih naik dan menjadi sumber asap terdekat bagi Palembang.
Konsesi perusahaan
Jenis izin
Porsi luas terbakar Agustus dibanding porsi daratan untuk tiap jenis izin. Rasio di atas 1 berarti api lebih padat dari rata-rata. Izin saling menindih, jadi baris per jenis tidak dijumlahkan.
| Jenis izin | % daratan | % luas terbakar Agu | Rasio |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTI | 6,1% | 10,7% | 1,76× |
| HGU | 5,8% | 9,6% | 1,65× |
| Izin sawit (IUP/izin lokasi) | 11,1% | 14,8% | 1,33× |
| PBPH | 17,5% | 21,7% | 1,23× |
| HPH hutan alam | 10,2% | 6,1% | 0,60× |
| Tambang | 7,2% | 13,9% | 1,93× |
| Izin lain | 1,5% | 4,5% | 3,05× |
| Semua izin (dihitung sekali) | 34,2% | 48,5% | 1,42× |
| Di luar semua izin | 65,8% | 51,5% | 0,78× |
Rasio tambang yang tinggi perlu hati-hati: banyak IUP tambang menindih HTI atau kebun (misalnya izin silika di dalam Buana Megatama dan Hutan Ketapang Industri), sehingga api di poligonnya belum tentu di lahan tambang.
Izin dengan luas terbakar terbesar, Agustus
| Izin | Jenis | Grup (Atlas) | Provinsi | Luas izin (ha) | Terbakar Agu (ha) | % izin terbakar | Peringkat titik panas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hutan Ketapang Ind (Dh. Kertas Basuki R) | HTI+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 97.986 | 16.228 | 16,6% | 16 |
| Strata Pasific | HPH+PBPH | – | Maluku | 73.397 | 7.857 | 10,7% | 28 |
| Wanakerta Ekalestari | HTI+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 26.612 | 5.581 | 21,0% | 146 |
| Mekar Karya Kahuripan | sawit | Makin | Kalimantan Barat | 12.742 | 4.873 | 38,2% | 13 |
| Natai Ekosistem Sejahtera | PBPH | – | Kalimantan Tengah | 19.788 | 4.787 | 24,2% | 49 |
| PT Bumi Agung Lestari | lain | – | Papua Selatan | 53.126 | 4.315 | 8,1% | 71 |
| Hermes Sugar Indonesia | PBPH | – | Kalimantan Tengah | 10.469 | 3.950 | 37,7% | 61 |
| PP London Sumatra Indonesia (Isuy Makmur Estate) | HGU+sawit | Salim/IndoAgri | Kalimantan Timur | 23.309 | 3.714 | 15,9% | 228 |
| Arfak Indra | HPH+PBPH | – | Papua Barat | 177.322 | 3.606 | 2,0% | 34 |
| Bumi Mekar Hijau | HTI+PBPH | – | Sumatera Selatan | 250.242 | 3.456 | 1,4% | 1 |
| Kalamanthana Alam Lestari | PBPH | – | Kalimantan Tengah | 31.688 | 3.198 | 10,1% | 88 |
| Sinar Karya Mandiri | HGU+sawit | Palma Agro Lestari | Kalimantan Barat | 10.519 | 3.198 | 30,4% | 56 |
| Mohairson Pawan Khatulistiwa | HPH+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 48.251 | 3.155 | 6,5% | 8 |
| Anugerah Bumi Nusantara Cemerlang | PBPH | – | Maluku | 50.034 | 3.048 | 6,1% | 92 |
| Waenibe Wood Industries | HTI+PBPH | – | Maluku | 29.553 | 3.027 | 10,2% | 164 |
Persentase izin yang hangus dalam satu bulan adalah sinyal terkuat untuk diuji ke hipotesis pembukaan lahan. Kebun yang 30–68% luasnya terbakar dalam sebulan jarang terjadi kebetulan, tetapi bekas bakar MCD64A1 juga bisa tertukar dengan bongkar mekanis, sehingga setiap klaster harus diverifikasi dengan Sentinel-2.
Konsesi yang apinya masih naik di Oktober
| Lokasi konsesi | Jenis | Grup izin utama | Provinsi | Titik panas | % di Okt | Terbakar Agu (ha) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bumi Mekar Hijau | HTI+PBPH | – | Sumatera Selatan | 25.332 | 49% | 3.456 |
| PT Murni Nusantara Mandiri | lain | – | Papua (gabungan) | 8.340 | 63% | 86 |
| Buana Megatama Jaya | HTI+tambang+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 8.073 | 73% | 0 |
| Selaras Inti Semesta | HTI+PBPH | – | Papua (gabungan) | 7.181 | 37% | 2.018 |
| Dinamika Graha Sarana | HGU+sawit | Sungai Budi | Sumatera Selatan | 6.961 | 89% | 0 |
| PT Bumi Sriwijaya Sentosa | lain | – | Sumatera Selatan | 4.408 | 51% | 429 |
| Tunas Timber Lestari (Dh. Pt Tunas Sawaerma) | HPH+PBPH | – | Papua (gabungan) | 4.345 | 74% | 0 |
| Hardaya Sawit Papua Plantation | sawit | Central Cipta Murdaya (Murdaya Family) | Papua (gabungan) | 4.148 | 43% | 0 |
| Arfak Indra | HPH+PBPH | – | Papua Barat (gabungan) | 3.775 | 45% | 3.606 |
| Irmasulindo Unit Ii | HPH+PBPH | – | Papua Barat (gabungan) | 3.450 | 61% | 0 |
| PT Semesta Gula Nusantara | lain | – | Papua (gabungan) | 3.307 | 51% | 129 |
| Wanamulia Sukses Sejati Unit I & Ii | HTI+PBPH | – | Papua (gabungan) | 3.278 | 71% | 43 |
Daftar ini didominasi Papua dan Sumatera Selatan. Banyak di antaranya izin tebu di Papua Selatan yang tercatat sebagai “izin lain” (Murni Nusantara Mandiri, Semesta Gula Nusantara, Global Papua Abadi, Valensia Indo Makmur, Bumi Agung Lestari), di wilayah PSN Merauke. Grup diambil dari atribusi Nusantara Atlas pada izin utama lokasi dan belum diverifikasi akta; hanya 43% izin punya atribusi grup, dan 50% titik panas di dalam izin jatuh di izin yang ber-grup.
Hotspot vs firespot
Titik panas adalah piksel yang lebih panas dari sekitarnya, bukan kebakaran yang terkonfirmasi. Uji Agustus membandingkan setiap titik panas dengan peta bekas bakar MCD64A1.
| Sensor | Kelas confidence | Titik panas | Tepat di bekas bakar | Dalam 1 km dari bekas bakar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MODIS | high | 10.670 | 21% | 42% |
| MODIS | low | 1.645 | 17% | 38% |
| MODIS | nominal/medium | 22.245 | 13% | 29% |
| VIIRS | high | 17.183 | 23% | 38% |
| VIIRS | low | 23.576 | 16% | 31% |
| VIIRS | nominal/medium | 388.322 | 17% | 32% |
Sekitar dua pertiga titik panas tidak dekat bekas bakar yang terlihat dari 500 m. Sebagian adalah api kecil, api gambut di bawah permukaan, api bawah tajuk, atau pembakaran kecil berulang yang tidak tertangkap MCD64A1; sebagian lain bukan api vegetasi. Angka 32% adalah batas bawah firespot, bukan proporsi sebenarnya. Anggapan bahwa confidence tinggi sama dengan firespot tidak didukung data ini. Untuk naskah, tulis “titik panas (hotspot)”.
Data resmi SiPongi
Titik panas: akurat dan tepat waktu. Jumlah deteksi NASA di SiPongi selisih kurang dari 0,5% dari FIRMS dan diperbarui dalam hitungan jam. SiPongi tidak memuat NOAA-21, sehingga totalnya sekitar sepertiga lebih kecil dari FIRMS lengkap.
Luas kebakaran: tertinggal. Angka “202K+ ha” yang tampil untuk 2026 berhenti di Juli.
Respons: tidak berada di tempat api. Dari 921 catatan pemadaman, 293 berada di Kota Palangka Raya, sementara OKI punya 0. Ground check hanya 123 titik untuk sekitar 1,6 juta titik panas.
| Kabupaten | Titik panas | Catatan pemadaman | Ground check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Merauke | 143.665 | 2 | 0 |
| Ketapang | 127.822 | 17 | 0 |
| Pulang Pisau | 85.670 | 18 | 0 |
| Ogan Komering Ilir | 73.767 | 0 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Timur | 66.102 | 13 | 2 |
| Kapuas | 65.575 | 0 | 0 |
| Seruyan | 60.069 | 2 | 0 |
| Kota Palangka Raya | 42.904 | 293 | 2 |
| Katingan | 41.532 | 52 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Barat | 33.196 | 46 | 0 |
Kualitas entri. 413 catatan pemadaman (45%) bertanggal di luar musim, hingga 2028; 408 di antaranya punya “hari” 8 atau 9, tanda bulan Agustus/September tersimpan di kolom hari. Data ground check memuat entri uji coba berlabel “Tes”.
Sensor muka air gambut (TMAT) konsesi. 152 dari 300 stasiun melewati batas −40 cm PP 57/2016. Curah hujan tercatat nol di 300 stasiun selama 30 hari. 13 stasiun mencatat muka air datar sebulan penuh, kebanyakan tepat 0,0 cm yang otomatis terbaca “aman”. 8 stasiun gambut tercatat di DKI Jakarta karena provinsinya diisi dari alamat kantor pusat, padahal koordinatnya di Kalimantan Tengah. Di Rimbun Seruyan, dua stasiun mencatat air di atas permukaan (+4 cm dan +30 cm) di puncak kemarau, dengan 719 dan 310 titik panas dalam radius 2 km. Kejanggalan sensor bukan bukti manipulasi; ini bahan konfirmasi ke KLHK dan perusahaan.
Metode dan batasan
- Titik panas: NASA FIRMS NRT (VIIRS SNPP, NOAA-20, NOAA-21; MODIS), semua kelas confidence, daratan Indonesia, 1 Agu – 15 Okt 2026.
- Batas izin: Nusantara Atlas WFS (HGU ATR/BPN, izin sawit, HTI, PBPH, HPH, tambang, izin lain), 36.563 fitur. Izin yang saling menindih dipertahankan semua; untuk peringkat lokasi, izin yang berbagi ≥90% deteksi digabung.
- Luas terbakar: MODIS MCD64A1 v061 (500 m) untuk Agustus. Data September dan Oktober belum dirilis NASA. Planetary Computer tidak punya MCD64A1 September 2023 dan Agustus–Oktober 2025, sehingga pembanding dua tahun itu belum bisa dibuat.
- Batas bawah. MCD64A1 melewatkan api kecil dan api gambut di bawah permukaan. Lokasi titik adalah pusat piksel, sehingga titik di tepi izin bisa meleset.
- Atribusi. Grup perusahaan dari Nusantara Atlas adalah atribusi pihak ketiga, belum diverifikasi akta. Izin tidak sama dengan penguasaan nyata di lapangan.
- Tidak bisa dijawab satelit: siapa yang menyalakan api dan dengan tujuan apa. Bantahan perusahaan bahwa lahannya dibakar pihak lain adalah keterangan pihak terkait yang diuji terhadap data, bukan bukti.
- Wilayah: batas provinsi dan kabupaten geoBoundaries 2017; provinsi pemekaran Papua digabung ke induknya.
Langkah lanjut
- Jalankan ulang luas terbakar saat MCD64A1 September (±pertengahan November) dan Oktober (±pertengahan Desember) rilis, untuk mengganti perkiraan dengan angka terukur.
- Verifikasi Sentinel-2 20 m untuk izin dengan porsi terbakar tertinggi: uji arang vs bongkar mekanis, luas 1 Agu – 15 Okt, dan titik nyala pertama (di dalam izin, di tepi, atau dari luar).
- Uji pembukaan lahan vs pihak lain per klaster: riwayat lahan sebelum api, umur tanaman yang terbakar, persiapan sebelum api, dan pemanfaatan sesudahnya.
- Tambahkan peta gambut resmi (BBSDLP/KLHK) per titik untuk mengukur porsi api gambut, ukuran terpenting untuk cerita asap.
- Pertanyaan konfirmasi untuk KLHK: kapan luas Agustus–Oktober diumumkan; mengapa catatan respons tidak ada di OKI, Kapuas, dan Merauke; bagaimana sensor TMAT bisa membaca 0,0 cm atau hujan nol sebulan; mengapa stasiun Kalimantan tercatat di DKI.
- Pertanyaan konfirmasi untuk perusahaan di daftar luas terbakar dan “naik di Oktober”: luas terbakar menurut catatan mereka, lokasi titik awal api, upaya pemadaman, dan rencana pemanfaatan lahan sesudahnya.
Journalistic research · satellite data · cut-off 15 October 2026
Indonesia’s Fires, August–October 2026
Fires in Indonesia from 1 August to 15 October 2026, read from three sources that check one another: NASA FIRMS thermal hotspots, the MODIS MCD64A1 burned-area map, and company permit boundaries from Nusantara Atlas, then set against the government’s official SiPongi data.
Key findings
- The fire season has not yet peaked. The week with the most hotspots began on 1 Oct (218,231 detections). As of 15 October, 29 districts and 111 concession sites still follow a “rising in October” pattern.
- The burned area is roughly three times August’s. MCD64A1 measured 480,299 ha burned in August alone. Scaling by each province’s August ratio, the area burned to 15 October is estimated at ±1.55 million ha (0.83% of the land). The official figure on SiPongi is 202,011 ha and stops at July.
- Almost half the fire is inside permits that cover a third of the land. 45.3% of hotspots and 48.5% of August’s burned area lie inside permits covering 34.2% of the land, a fire density 1.42 times the average. Pulpwood (HTI, 1.76×) and HGU plantation titles (1.65×) are the densest; natural-forest logging concessions burn less than average (0.60×).
- The fire moved. West Kalimantan was the centre in August (717k ha of newly affected cells) and then eased (76k ha in 1–15 Oct). Central Kalimantan peaked in September (696k ha), mostly outside permits. In October the fire shifted to South Sumatra and southern Papua: half of Ogan Komering Ilir’s season hotspots came in October.
- Two different stories sit behind the national figure. In West and East Kalimantan, 69% and 74% of hotspots are inside permits: a concession story. In Central Kalimantan only 38% are: fires on the former Mega Rice Project peat, food-estate land and unpermitted land, a question of state governance.
- The permits with the largest burned area are not those with the most hotspots. Hutan Ketapang Industri lost 16,228 ha (16.6% of the permit) in August yet ranks only 16th by hotspots. Several plantations burned 30–68% of their permit area in a single month.
- A hotspot is not a confirmed fire. In August only 17% of hotspots fell exactly on a measured burn scar and 32% within 1 km of one. High-confidence detections do only slightly better (38%–42%).
- SiPongi’s hotspot data is accurate; its response and peat-monitoring data are not. The NASA hotspots on SiPongi match FIRMS. But 45% of suppression records carry wrong dates, only 123 hotspots were ground-checked, and concession peat water-level sensors report impossible values.
Scale
Three measures are used, each answering a different question. Hotspots count satellite detections; one fire can produce hundreds. Affected cells count the 375 m (14 ha) cells ever detected as hot, showing how far the fire reached. Burned area is land actually scorched according to MCD64A1, so far available only for August.
| Region | Hotspots | % in permits | Affected cells (ha) | Burned Aug, measured (ha) | Estimate to 15 Oct (ha) | % cells recurring |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | 1,572,929 | 45.3% | 8,290,589 | 480,299 | 1,547,728 | 10.6% |
| Kalimantan | 844,110 | 50.3% | 3,605,372 | 260,746 | 709,102 | 12.5% |
| Sumatra | 222,448 | 49.6% | 1,040,906 | 61,113 | 236,132 | 11.2% |
| Papua | 254,501 | 46.7% | 1,701,562 | 93,763 | 356,482 | 9.9% |
The September–October estimate applies each province’s August ratio of MCD64A1 burned area to affected-cell area (national 0.17). Two other scaling methods gave 1.05–1.63 million ha, so ±1.55 million ha sits at the upper end of that range. GWIS fire perimeters (JRC/Copernicus) to 15 October enclose 10.7 million ha; that is the outer envelope of fire activity, about ten times the area actually scorched in the same month, and must not be quoted as burned area.
SiPongi’s official 2026 figure is 202,011 ha and stops at July. For the same months (January–July) MCD64A1 records 107,909 ha, so the official number is not understated; the problem is delay. For comparison, in 2019 the satellite recorded 2,044,903 ha, 24% above the official 1,649,258 ha.
Timeline
Hotspots per week by island. Kalimantan dominates until late September; in October Papua and Sumatra rise together.
The area of cells newly reached by fire each month shows where the fire spread. Provinces are ordered by estimated burned area.
| Province | New cells Aug (ha) | New cells Sep (ha) | New cells 1–15 Oct (ha) | % hotspots in permits | Burned Aug (ha) | Estimate to 15 Oct (ha) | Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalimantan Tengah | 390,122 | 695,784 | 405,112 | 38% | 95,609 | 365,411 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Papua (combined) | 419,470 | 559,406 | 444,319 | 43% | 76,418 | 259,276 | Rising in October, not yet out |
| Sumatera Selatan | 120,867 | 268,917 | 164,222 | 56% | 35,483 | 162,640 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Kalimantan Barat | 716,667 | 350,522 | 75,600 | 69% | 92,389 | 147,323 | Long August, easing in September |
| Maluku | 97,102 | 184,964 | 84,122 | 31% | 34,066 | 128,470 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Kalimantan Selatan | 150,342 | 163,209 | 98,128 | 43% | 43,061 | 117,912 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Papua Barat (combined) | 49,669 | 115,748 | 112,950 | 64% | 17,344 | 97,206 | Rising in October, not yet out |
| Kalimantan Timur | 174,431 | 211,866 | 106,059 | 74% | 25,544 | 72,103 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Lampung | 42,216 | 51,919 | 34,397 | 51% | 15,327 | 46,664 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Maluku Utara | 26,128 | 71,803 | 69,975 | 51% | 4,722 | 30,348 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Nusa Tenggara Timur | 109,448 | 126,942 | 68,344 | 4% | 10,883 | 30,302 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
| Sulawesi Tenggara | 27,970 | 59,836 | 39,431 | 26% | 2,748 | 12,499 | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning |
Central Kalimantan is now the province with the largest estimated burned area (±365k ha). South Sumatra is still growing: 164k ha of new cells in half of October, close to all of September (269k ha). In Papua, October’s new cells (444k ha in 15 days) already exceed the whole of August (419k ha).
Temporal patterns
Each district and concession site with enough detections is grouped by the shape of its weekly series (share of detections per week, k-means, five groups). The patterns separate fires that have died down from fires still running, regardless of size.
| Pattern | Provinces | Districts | Concessions | Example districts | Example concessions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long August, easing in September | 8 | 37 | 85 | Ketapang, Berau, Sanggau, Melawi | Mekar Karya Kahuripan, Hutan Ketapang Ind (Dh. Kertas Basuki R), Laman Mining |
| Short spike 22–28 Aug | 0 | 13 | 22 | Nabire, Sarolangun, Pelalawan, Indragiri Hilir | Sebukit Inter Nusa, Merbau Pelalawan Lestari, Musi Hutan Persada |
| Short spike 29 Aug–4 Sep | 0 | 10 | 59 | Kayong Utara, Kubu Raya, Gunung Mas, Bulungan | Mayawana Persada, Harapan Subur Lestari, Satong Silika Sukses |
| Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 21 | 169 | 153 | Pulang Pisau, Kotawaringin Timur, Kapuas, Kota Palangka Raya | Borneo Wana Utama, Indika Ekosistem Khatulistiwa, Mohairson Pawan Khatulistiwa |
| Rising in October, not yet out | 2 | 29 | 111 | Merauke, Ogan Komering Ilir, Seruyan, Mappi | Bumi Mekar Hijau, PT Murni Nusantara Mandiri, Buana Megatama Jaya |
“Long August, easing in September” is dominated by inland West Kalimantan (Ketapang, Sanggau, Sintang, Melawi). “Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning” is the Central Kalimantan peat pattern (Pulang Pisau, Kapuas, East Kotawaringin, Palangka Raya). “Rising in October” is the pattern of Merauke, Ogan Komering Ilir, Seruyan, Mappi and Fakfak, and also of Bumi Mekar Hijau, the concession with the most hotspots in Indonesia.
Provinces and districts
The fifteen districts with the most hotspots. Response columns come from Manggala Agni records on SiPongi.
| District | Province | Hotspots | % in permits | % in Oct | Pattern | Burned Aug (ha) | Suppression | Ground check |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merauke | Papua (combined) | 143,665 | 51% | 38% | Rising in October, not yet out | 57,249 | 2 | 0 |
| Ketapang | Kalimantan Barat | 127,815 | 75% | 13% | Long August, easing in September | 78,093 | 17 | 0 |
| Pulang Pisau | Kalimantan Tengah | 85,670 | 36% | 26% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 13,717 | 18 | 0 |
| Ogan Komering Ilir | Sumatera Selatan | 73,767 | 67% | 50% | Rising in October, not yet out | 16,185 | 0 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Timur | Kalimantan Tengah | 66,102 | 26% | 19% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 21,552 | 13 | 2 |
| Kapuas | Kalimantan Tengah | 65,575 | 41% | 30% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 11,463 | 0 | 0 |
| Seruyan | Kalimantan Tengah | 60,069 | 36% | 42% | Rising in October, not yet out | 18,911 | 2 | 0 |
| Kota Palangka Raya | Kalimantan Tengah | 42,904 | 28% | 18% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 837 | 293 | 2 |
| Katingan | Kalimantan Tengah | 41,530 | 36% | 39% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 3,757 | 52 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Barat | Kalimantan Tengah | 33,196 | 18% | 40% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 4,143 | 46 | 0 |
| Mappi | Papua (combined) | 29,221 | 17% | 33% | Rising in October, not yet out | 5,173 | 0 | 0 |
| Musi Banyuasin | Sumatera Selatan | 25,144 | 50% | 38% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 2,211 | 0 | 0 |
| Paser | Kalimantan Timur | 20,957 | 68% | 32% | Peak 12–18 Sep, still burning | 4,379 | 41 | 21 |
| Berau | Kalimantan Timur | 20,956 | 80% | 4% | Long August, easing in September | 9,466 | 0 | 0 |
| Kayong Utara | Kalimantan Barat | 20,563 | 49% | 1% | Short spike 29 Aug–4 Sep | 5,731 | 35 | 0 |
Ketapang had the largest burned area in August and 75% of its hotspots are inside permits, making it the strongest concession story. Merauke has the most hotspots (143,665); routine savanna burning mixes with national strategic project land, and project permits missing from Atlas read as “outside permits”. Ogan Komering Ilir (67% in permits, 50% in October) is a peat district whose fires are still rising and the nearest smoke source for Palembang.
Company concessions
Permit type
Share of August burned area against share of land for each permit type. A ratio above 1 means fire is denser than average. Permits overlap, so the rows are not additive.
| Permit type | % of land | % of Aug burned area | Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pulpwood plantation (HTI) | 6.1% | 10.7% | 1.76× |
| HGU | 5.8% | 9.6% | 1.65× |
| Oil palm permit (IUP/location permit) | 11.1% | 14.8% | 1.33× |
| Forest utilisation (PBPH) | 17.5% | 21.7% | 1.23× |
| Natural-forest logging (HPH) | 10.2% | 6.1% | 0.60× |
| Mining | 7.2% | 13.9% | 1.93× |
| Other permits | 1.5% | 4.5% | 3.05× |
| All permits (counted once) | 34.2% | 48.5% | 1.42× |
| Outside all permits | 65.8% | 51.5% | 0.78× |
Treat the high mining ratio with care: many mining permits overlap pulpwood or plantation permits (for example silica permits inside Buana Megatama and Hutan Ketapang Industri), so fire in their polygons is not necessarily on mined land.
Permits with the largest burned area, August
| Permit | Type | Group (Atlas) | Province | Permit area (ha) | Burned Aug (ha) | % of permit burned | Hotspot rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hutan Ketapang Ind (Dh. Kertas Basuki R) | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 97,986 | 16,228 | 16.6% | 16 |
| Strata Pasific | logging+PBPH | – | Maluku | 73,397 | 7,857 | 10.7% | 28 |
| Wanakerta Ekalestari | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 26,612 | 5,581 | 21.0% | 146 |
| Mekar Karya Kahuripan | oil palm | Makin | Kalimantan Barat | 12,742 | 4,873 | 38.2% | 13 |
| Natai Ekosistem Sejahtera | PBPH | – | Kalimantan Tengah | 19,788 | 4,787 | 24.2% | 49 |
| PT Bumi Agung Lestari | other | – | Papua Selatan | 53,126 | 4,315 | 8.1% | 71 |
| Hermes Sugar Indonesia | PBPH | – | Kalimantan Tengah | 10,469 | 3,950 | 37.7% | 61 |
| PP London Sumatra Indonesia (Isuy Makmur Estate) | HGU+oil palm | Salim/IndoAgri | Kalimantan Timur | 23,309 | 3,714 | 15.9% | 228 |
| Arfak Indra | logging+PBPH | – | Papua Barat | 177,322 | 3,606 | 2.0% | 34 |
| Bumi Mekar Hijau | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Sumatera Selatan | 250,242 | 3,456 | 1.4% | 1 |
| Kalamanthana Alam Lestari | PBPH | – | Kalimantan Tengah | 31,688 | 3,198 | 10.1% | 88 |
| Sinar Karya Mandiri | HGU+oil palm | Palma Agro Lestari | Kalimantan Barat | 10,519 | 3,198 | 30.4% | 56 |
| Mohairson Pawan Khatulistiwa | logging+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 48,251 | 3,155 | 6.5% | 8 |
| Anugerah Bumi Nusantara Cemerlang | PBPH | – | Maluku | 50,034 | 3,048 | 6.1% | 92 |
| Waenibe Wood Industries | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Maluku | 29,553 | 3,027 | 10.2% | 164 |
The share of a permit burned in one month is the strongest signal to test against the land-clearing hypothesis. A plantation losing 30–68% of its area in a month is rarely chance, but an MCD64A1 burn scar can also be confused with mechanical clearing, so each cluster must be verified with Sentinel-2.
Concessions with fires still rising in October
| Concession site | Type | Main permit group | Province | Hotspots | % in Oct | Burned Aug (ha) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bumi Mekar Hijau | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Sumatera Selatan | 25,332 | 49% | 3,456 |
| PT Murni Nusantara Mandiri | other | – | Papua (combined) | 8,340 | 63% | 86 |
| Buana Megatama Jaya | pulpwood+mining+PBPH | – | Kalimantan Barat | 8,073 | 73% | 0 |
| Selaras Inti Semesta | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Papua (combined) | 7,181 | 37% | 2,018 |
| Dinamika Graha Sarana | HGU+oil palm | Sungai Budi | Sumatera Selatan | 6,961 | 89% | 0 |
| PT Bumi Sriwijaya Sentosa | other | – | Sumatera Selatan | 4,408 | 51% | 429 |
| Tunas Timber Lestari (Dh. Pt Tunas Sawaerma) | logging+PBPH | – | Papua (combined) | 4,345 | 74% | 0 |
| Hardaya Sawit Papua Plantation | oil palm | Central Cipta Murdaya (Murdaya Family) | Papua (combined) | 4,148 | 43% | 0 |
| Arfak Indra | logging+PBPH | – | Papua Barat (combined) | 3,775 | 45% | 3,606 |
| Irmasulindo Unit Ii | logging+PBPH | – | Papua Barat (combined) | 3,450 | 61% | 0 |
| PT Semesta Gula Nusantara | other | – | Papua (combined) | 3,307 | 51% | 129 |
| Wanamulia Sukses Sejati Unit I & Ii | pulpwood+PBPH | – | Papua (combined) | 3,278 | 71% | 43 |
The list is dominated by Papua and South Sumatra. Many are sugarcane permits in South Papua recorded as “other permits” (Murni Nusantara Mandiri, Semesta Gula Nusantara, Global Papua Abadi, Valensia Indo Makmur, Bumi Agung Lestari), in the Merauke national strategic project area. Groups are Nusantara Atlas attributions for each site’s main permit and have not been checked against company deeds; only 43% of permits carry a group, covering 50% of in-permit hotspots.
Hotspot vs firespot
A hotspot is a pixel hotter than its surroundings, not a confirmed fire. The August test compares every hotspot with the MCD64A1 burn-scar map.
| Sensor | Confidence class | Hotspots | On a burn scar | Within 1 km of a scar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MODIS | high | 10,670 | 21% | 42% |
| MODIS | low | 1,645 | 17% | 38% |
| MODIS | nominal/medium | 22,245 | 13% | 29% |
| VIIRS | high | 17,183 | 23% | 38% |
| VIIRS | low | 23,576 | 16% | 31% |
| VIIRS | nominal/medium | 388,322 | 17% | 32% |
About two thirds of hotspots are not near a burn scar visible at 500 m. Some are small fires, sub-surface peat fires, understorey fires or small repeated burns that MCD64A1 misses; others are not vegetation fires at all. The 32% figure is a lower bound on confirmed fires, not the true share. The assumption that high confidence means a confirmed fire is not supported by these data. In copy, write “hotspot”, not “fire point”.
Official SiPongi data
Hotspots: accurate and timely. NASA detection counts on SiPongi differ from FIRMS by less than 0.5% and update within hours. SiPongi omits NOAA-21, so its totals are about a third smaller than full FIRMS.
Burned area: lagging. The “202K+ ha” shown for 2026 stops at July.
Response: not where the fires are. Of 921 suppression records, 293 are in the city of Palangka Raya, while Ogan Komering Ilir has 0. Only 123 of about 1.6 million hotspots were ground-checked.
| District | Hotspots | Suppression records | Ground check |
|---|---|---|---|
| Merauke | 143,665 | 2 | 0 |
| Ketapang | 127,822 | 17 | 0 |
| Pulang Pisau | 85,670 | 18 | 0 |
| Ogan Komering Ilir | 73,767 | 0 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Timur | 66,102 | 13 | 2 |
| Kapuas | 65,575 | 0 | 0 |
| Seruyan | 60,069 | 2 | 0 |
| Kota Palangka Raya | 42,904 | 293 | 2 |
| Katingan | 41,532 | 52 | 0 |
| Kotawaringin Barat | 33,196 | 46 | 0 |
Entry quality. 413 suppression records (45%) are dated outside the season, as late as 2028; 408 of them have a “day” of 8 or 9, a sign that August/September was stored in the day field. The ground-check data include test entries labelled “Tes”.
Concession peat water-level (TMAT) sensors. 152 of 300 stations are past the −40 cm limit in Government Regulation 57/2016. Rainfall reads zero at 300 stations for 30 days. 13 stations show a flat water level for a full month, mostly exactly 0.0 cm, which is automatically read as “safe”. 8 peat stations are filed under Jakarta because the province was taken from the head-office address, although their coordinates are in Central Kalimantan. At Rimbun Seruyan, two stations show water above the surface (+4 cm and +30 cm) at the height of the dry season, with 719 and 310 hotspots within 2 km. Sensor anomalies are not proof of manipulation; they are questions to put to the ministry and the companies.
Method and limits
- Hotspots: NASA FIRMS NRT (VIIRS SNPP, NOAA-20, NOAA-21; MODIS), all confidence classes, Indonesian land, 1 Aug – 15 Oct 2026.
- Permit boundaries: Nusantara Atlas WFS (HGU land titles from ATR/BPN, oil palm, pulpwood, PBPH, logging, mining, other permits), 36,563 features. All overlapping permits are kept; for site rankings, permits sharing ≥90% of detections are merged.
- Burned area: MODIS MCD64A1 v061 (500 m) for August. NASA has not yet released September and October. Planetary Computer lacks MCD64A1 for September 2023 and August–October 2025, so those two years cannot yet be compared.
- Lower bounds. MCD64A1 misses small and sub-surface peat fires. Hotspot locations are pixel centres, so detections near permit edges can be misplaced.
- Attribution. Company groups from Nusantara Atlas are third-party attributions, not checked against deeds. A permit is not the same as actual control on the ground.
- What satellites cannot answer: who lit a fire and why. A company’s statement that others burned its land is a party’s account to be tested against the data, not evidence.
- Regions: geoBoundaries 2017 province and district boundaries; the new Papuan provinces are merged into their parent provinces.
Next steps
- Re-run burned area when MCD64A1 September (around mid-November) and October (around mid-December) are released, replacing the estimate with measured figures.
- Sentinel-2 20 m verification for the permits with the highest burned share: char versus mechanical clearing, area from 1 Aug to 15 Oct, and the first ignition point (inside, at the edge, or from outside).
- Test land clearing against third-party burning for each cluster: land history before the fire, age of the burned crop, preparation before the fire, and use afterwards.
- Add the official peat map (BBSDLP/KLHK) per hotspot to measure the share of peat fire, the key measure for the haze story.
- Questions for the ministry: when will the August–October burned area be published; why are there no response records in Ogan Komering Ilir, Kapuas and Merauke; how can TMAT sensors read 0.0 cm or zero rain for a month; why are Kalimantan stations filed under Jakarta.
- Questions for the companies on the burned-area and “rising in October” lists: their own burned-area records, where the fire started, suppression efforts, and plans for the land afterwards.